![]() Whereas electric-field control has been demonstrated for ferroelectric 180° surface domain walls and vortices, similar control of ferroelastic domains and domain boundaries within individual nanocrystals remains challenging. The ability to reversibly displace, create and annihilate elastic domains is critical to device applications. Ferroelectric responses are determined by crystal structure and domain morphology. Superior structural, physical and electronic properties make ferroelectric nanocrystals essential in enabling a range of next-generation devices. This finding implies that strain engineering can be a new design philosophy for the development of next generation high-performance sodium ion cathodes. A composite structure comprised of O-type and P-type oxides was formed after the initial electrochemical activation of the cathode material, resulting in good structural and electrochemical stability. The in situ HEXRD and both operando Bragg coherent diffraction (BCXD) and coherent multicrystal diffraction (CMCD) were utilized to investigate the phase transformation of more » the cathode materials during the sodiation/desodiation process. Herein, in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) was first employed to investigate the phase evolution of the oxides during the sintering process of O3-type NaNi 1/3Fe 1/3Mn 1/3O 2. ![]() The sintering process control and optimization are critical to ensure a high quality and consistency of the prepared cathode materials with stable structure. O-type layered oxide cathode materials can be easily synthesized for a full sodium stoichiometry with high specific capacity, but they all suffer from a capacity fade on cycling. Furthermore, the paper will discuss, in detail, the beamline setup, sample mounting and handling, alignment strategies and the data acquisition = , The experiment is demonstrated with NaNi 1/3Fe 1/3Mn 1/3O 2, a sodium-ion cathode material loaded in a half cell. This work explores and highlights the Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction measurements of battery electrode materials in operando conditions at the 34-ID-C beamline at the Advanced Photon Source. Bragg coherent diffractive imaging enables one to monitor the evolution of the morphology and strain in individual crystals. Coherent multi-crystal diffraction provides collective structural information of phase transitions in tens of crystals simultaneously as well as the individual behavior from single crystals, which are oriented at the Bragg condition in the X-ray illumination volume. As the electrode material particles (either in a single-crystal form or an aggregation form of single crystals) are evenly dispersed and randomly oriented in the electrode laminate, the submicrometer-sized coherent X-ray beam can be used to probe the local properties of electrode material crystals using two approaches. Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging has become valuable for visualization of the structural, morphological and strain evolution of crystals in operando electrode materials.
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